Sunday, October 25, 2015

College Campuses and Sexual Assault


While researching for the previous blogs I have come across an excessive amount of information over sexual assault in which college campuses account for several of these experience and must be examined further.... 



College Campuses:
Unfortunately, college campuses are extremely popular for sexual assaults. From the website Best Colleges, the article The Realities of Sexual Assault on College Campuses reveals startling information that brings awareness to college student's abuse. The White House Task Force to Protect Students inform that 1 in 5 female college students will experience an assault during their college years, with 95% of assaults being unreported (The Realities of Campuses). 



The Abuse: 
College campuses allow for an open environment in which students engage themselves in casual, intimate and serious relationships with other students. In many cases, these young students find themselves in not only sexual abuse, but emotional and verbal abuse from these relationships as well. From the National Center on Domestic and Sexual Violence express that over 40% of women experience the following form of behavior while dating:

























(The Realities of Campuses).  


Prevention/Advice:
It's important for students to be aware of their surroundings, especially when out at social events and gatherings. The Realities of Campuses suggest the following:
  1. know your alcohol limits
  2. watch your drink
  3. trust your gut
  4. stay close to friends 
From Cengage Brainaic, the article Sexual Assault on College Campuses suggest:
  1. don't accept a drink from anyone
  2. use the buddy system
  3. use your phone
  4. report to authorities 



Not Alone Project

 Supported by President Obama and Vice President Biden, the Not Alone Project aims to provide security and awarding justice to the students who have endured a sexual assault on a college campus. The project encourages victims to speak out about their assault, in which the appropriate treatment and services will be provided. 




As of September 23rd, 2015:
CNN recently discussed a survey that has acknowledge the progression of sexual assault on
college campuses. The article reveals that more than 150,000 students participated in this survey, composed of over 27 universities including Iowa State University, University of Florida, California Institute of Technology, and all Ivy League schools, except Princeton. The findings overall conclude that 26% of seniors reported assault at some point throughout their college career, with specifically:
  • 34% from University of Michigan
  • 32% at Yale
  • 29% at Harvard 

The article suggest that the findings are not as broad, for many of the results came from elite institutions (CNN). 






Final Thoughts/Statistics:
Freshman and Sophomore young female students are the most vulnerable.
Peer pressure and alcohol contribute the most to inappropriate sexual conduct.
There are 35.3 incidents of sexual assault per 1,000 female students.
1 in 10 college men have been victims of rape.

(Sexual Assault on Campuses).





Book Report Discussion

My chosen book report was The Criminal Justice System and Women; Offenders, Prisons, Victims, & Workers, by Barbara Raffel Price and Natalie J. Sokoloff, in which the 
relationship between women and the criminal justice system is examined. The topics
covered by the authors discuss physical and sexual abuse, including rape and domestic violence, drug use, abortions, prostitution, and employment discrimination. Price and Sokoloff reveal detailed information regarding the history and current sociological and economical position of women. Below are a few startling highlights and statistics addressed in the book:

  1. For the women that have experienced abuse as a child are more likely to experience it again in adulthood. 
  2. Women of color who are incarcerated endure more unfair treatment by the guards and prison officials. 
  3. It is extremely difficult for women to escape their domestic violence. Usually the men become more volatile and enraged when the women finally do leave the abuse, that can sometimes result in a death.
  4. Up to 175,000 women from various countries and trafficked for sex each year. 
  5. A low socioeconomic status of a women can make them vulnerable to becoming a crime victim, in which growing up in a poor household can mean more violence. 
  6. Feminist attempt to raise awareness for women in hopes of upgrading laws and policies that will aid in financial security, physical protection and equality in the work environment.
  7. Between 1965 to 2000, there was an increase in women offenders, involved in larceny, fraud, forgery, assault, public drunkenness, and gambling. 
  8. Prisons are the most multiracial and multicultural environments.
  9. Women use to resemble their husband's property and only acknowledged for their relation to their home and reproductive capabilities.
  10. In prison, women express a lack of counseling, support systems, mental health services and educational programs. 

Overall, I was extremely pleased with this book and the descriptive information and personal experiences that it revealed. As a woman, I personally appreciated the improvements that have been made in hopes to bring women equality at home, in the workplace and in society. 




References:




http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/22/health/campus-sexual-assault-new-large-survey/

Sunday, October 18, 2015

The Sex Offenders


Who are the sexual offenders? Do they all have similar characteristics? 
Are offenders likely to commit their sexual assault crimes again?


THE OFFENDERS:
According to Center for Sexual Offender Management, there is so such thing as a "typical" sex offender.... They can be:
  • male or female
  • young or old
  • have different levels of education
  • married or single
  • have strong ties or weak ties to their families and communities
  • have no record of prior criminal involvement or have a record for sexual assault or other offenses
Approximately, 150,000 adult sexual offenders are currently in state or federal prison throughout the United States. Between 10,000 and 20,000 are released to the community each year (CSOM). 

As reported by the Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network the average age of a male offender is 31, with 52% being White (RAINN). 



Why Offenders Commit Sexual Assault??
Although this question can't be answered directly and accurately, there are several factors that can express a possible sex offender.... 

1. biological = imbalance of hormones 
2. developmental/environment = having witnessed violence before
3. situational/ circumstantial = easy access to the victim(s); extreme levels of stress 
4. sociocultural = having experienced social messages in support of violence of aggression 
5. physiological = being sexually attracted to children   

(CSOM). 


Will they reoffend again?!
Just because a criminal serves his time for the sexual assault(s) he has committed does not mean that they will never commit, or attempt to commit, another sexual assault. 

About 12% to 24% will reoffend again 

It's almost important to note that some numbers may appear to be relatively low, however there are often times where the sexual assault it not reported (CSOM). 



After Their Time:
After serving their time, offenders are to abide by strict rules and guidelines that can be summarized as: 

-no contact with the victims 
-no contact with minors
-attending specified treatment 
-no internet access
-no drug or alcohol use
-restricted movement within their community 
-reporting to an officer as often as required



It's also important to consider....
Once released from jail/prison, the offenders face many challenges. Offenders must find a place to live and acquire a stable job, all of which must be approved by officers and the community/homeowner themselves. It's crucial for the offenders to find work because without a stable job, offenders have a higher risk of reoffending.   (CSOM). 



References:

Sunday, October 11, 2015

After The Assault

 

What does someone do after they have been sexually assault?
Who can help them? Where do they turn to? 

Step #1 and #2:
#1.)  It's necessary for the victim to ask themselves,  "am I in a safe place?" 
It's crucial for someone that has just been sexually assault to feel safe and have friends that they can call or reach out to for support. Victims are also encouraged to call the police or local hospital. 
#2.) Understanding that what has happened was not in the victim's control nor their fault and therefore should not blame themselves (RAINN). 


Next:
Get Help.... 
Thankfully there are several hotlines and support groups that can help victims of sexual assault deal with the experience and move forward with life. 

The National Sexual Assault Hotline offers guidance for victims in which trained staff members help the victim locate nearby health facilities, where they can receive medical attention if need be (RAINN). 
If a hotline is too overwhelming there are also anonymous chat groups that victims can engage in that might make some feel more safe and protect their identity. 


Unfortunately, this can be easier said than done..... 
After a sexual assault, majority of victims are frightened, in disbelief, and fragile. Before contacting anyone, several will struggle with the idea of reporting the assault or not speaking about it at all. 

More common reactions from victims will be:

  • "it wasn't that big of a deal"
  • "no one will understand!"
  • "I'm just imagining this"

In addition, there will be feelings of:

  • shock and numbness
  • loss of control
  • disruption of daily life
  • self-blame and shame
  • anger
  • fear and isolation
  • anxiety and PTSD

(Sexual Assault's Survivor Guide). 



As recommended by the Survivors Guide-
Self-Care for Survivors:
-Get support from family members and friends.
-Talk about the assault and express your feelings. 
-Stress Reduction Techniques such as walking, yoga, meditation.
- Maintain a healthy balance of diet and sleep.
- Release your hurt and anger in positive ways. 
-Hug those you love. 
-Remember you are safe. 






According to the U.S. Department of Justice....

  • Approximately 30% of sexual assault cases are reported to authorities.
  • Among college women, only 12% are reported to law enforcement. 
  • 81% of women who reported sexual assault experienced significant short term or long term impacts. 
(Raising Awareness About Sexual Abuse). 

According to RAINN....

  • 68% of sexual assaults are not reported.
  • 98% of rapist will never spend a day in jail or prison. 
(RAINN). 


It's important that no victim be alone in the fight against sexual assault.




References:

https://rainn.org/get-information/sexual-assault-recovery/tips-for-after-an-attack

https://www.csbsju.edu/chp/sexual-assault-survivors-guide#WhatToDo

https://www.nsopw.gov/en/Education/FactsStatistics?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1

https://rainn.org/statistics

Sunday, October 4, 2015

Causes of Sexual Assault


What are the causes of sexual assault? Under what settings does sexual assault occur? 
Why are women targeted more than men? 
These are all important questions that must be considered when discussing 
sexual assault

The CAUSES:
  • messages
  • behaviors
  • media
  • culture
  • relationships


The following list is from the article Causes, Statistics & Sexual Assault Types, in which readers are informed over the following causes that are likely emerge into a sexual assault. This article brings light to culture differences that determine whether the act is to be considered an assault and if the sexual assault is to be condoned or ignored. 

NOTE: It's crucial to examine the relationship between two people, where one individual, usually the male, feels entitled to the sexual actions, regardless of consent (Stanford University). People are aware of body language and "signals" therefore, there is no understanding or acceptance when an individual acts confused about one's behavior, which lead to the sexual assault.


The SETTINGS:
  • workplace
  • school/college campuses
  • home
  • neighbor/relative house
  • public area/park


It's acknowledged that majority of the women that are sexually assaulted are under the age of 30, with the violence itself occurring between the hours of 6pm and 6am (Rape & Sexual Assault). In the workplace, men feel dominate over their female coworkers who hold less power and control than they do. At college campuses, using alcohol or a date-rape drug to induce sexual assault is common. An article by Best Colleges offer guidelines in order to help reduce the chances of being drugged which suggest: stay close to your friends, look after/take your drink with you, trust your gut (Realities on Campus). Your house should be where you feel most safe. Unfortunately, this isn't always the case due to several sexual assault cases having relation between the victim and perpetrador. According to RAINN, roughly 13% of sexual assault cases occur in the home of the family member, relative or neighbor (Rape, Abuse and Incest). In addition, 18% of assaults occur in public areas such as parks and parking lots. 


Why women are targeted more than men?
  • lack power 
  • more vulnerable
  • hold insecure positions
  • little confidence
  • tend to suffer in silence 
(Stop Violence). 




No assault is acceptable, and no excuse is taken into consideration when examining an assault case. A sexual assault can occur in several unique settings and are caused by different factors. Whether it's an abusive relationship between a couple that have been together for 3 years, a frat boy at a university drugs a sorority girls that results in a sexual act, a neighbor that abuses a child while babysitting.... The possibilities are endless.


Up Next: After the Assaults. 


References: